This article discusses Bronisław Huberman (1882–1947), a Polish-Jewish virtuoso of the violin who is nowadays known mainly to aficionados of music history, interested in music of the first half of the 20th century. The article reminds us of the fact – lost completely in the collective memory of today’s European Union – that Huberman was next to Richard N. von Coudenhove-Kalergi a relevant precursor of European integration and author of programme manifestos of this idea. The idea of European Integration was in Huberman’s time known as Pan-Europe and Huberman himself was a famous disseminator thereof at the international level.

The article treats about the theological essays of Rudolf Krämer-Badoni (1913–1989). Hardly remembered today, Rudolf Krämer-Badoni was a very well-known writer, publicist, art critic, translator, conservative supporter, long-time author for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt, and media personality in West Germany. His book-length essays and dissertations discuss political, cultural and aesthetic topics. The article deals with theological and ecclesiastical texts of Krämer-Badoni. In chronological order his works include: „Die Last, katholisch zu sein“ [The Burden of Being a Catholic] 1967; „Revolution in der Kirche. Lefebvre und Rom“ [The Revolution in the Church. Lefebvre and Rome] 1980; „Judenmord, Frauenmord, Heilige Kirche“ [Jews, Women Mass Murder, Holy Church] 1988, „Leben, Lieben, Sterben ohne Gott“ [Live, Love, Die Without God] 1989. The major topics are the criticism of Second Vatican Council and the history of Jews and women related to the Catholic Church. Rudolf Krämer-Badoni experiences evident transformations in his viewpoint. The reconstruction and understanding of these breakthroughs is the main goal of the article.

Recently there has been a growing interest in Slavic mythology, gods and ritual practices prior to mainly forced Christianisation. Early Slavic mythology has been a challenge to many scholars. It is an interesting task to follow traces of Western Slavic pagan mythology and its gods. Unlike many other mythologies, there is no original material left since the pre-Christian heritage was violently destroyed. Documents and chronicles were mainly written by Christian clergymen, whose attitudes towards the indigenous Slavic population, and their cult of pagan gods were hostile. This text is focusing on “Slavia Germania”, a territory situated between Cape Arkona on the island of Rügen in the North and the Lusatian Highlands in the South of Saxony on the borderline with the Czech Republic. This area, originally settled by Slavic tribes, came under the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and the German Imperium. The most important location of Western Slavic resistance was the temple-stronghold of the pagan god Svetovid at Cape Arkona on Rügen, which surrendered to the Danish troops in 1168. Temple, castle and the statue of Svetovid were destroyed. The Lusatian Sorbs may serve as an illustrative example according to the topic. Worship of Slavic gods as well as the pagan cultural influence were mostly denied or eliminated. But myths, legends, and customs have persisted in folk beliefs, traditions, and tales until modern times. Recently neopaganism, and the movement of the Slavic Native Faith focus on the revival of ethnic religion, gods, and cults between natural religion of the native population, and nationalist ideas and mythologems.

The subject of these considerations is the mountain motive in the work of the Austrian writer Caroline Pichler (1769–1843). Based on the autobiography of the author, selected poems and a short prose work in the form of a tourist guide, the following issues are discussed: mountain hiking and the experience of God’s presence, mountains as an element of identification with the homeland and the function of founding myths and local folk tales in the literary creation of the concept of homeland. The analysis is complemented by attempts to indicate the characteristics of the narrative about the mountains and to consider the author’s experiences as a woman-traveller in early 19th century. The innovative elements that should be highlighted are: the author’s environmental awareness, the use of regional narrative as an element of the creation of the concept of the homeland, and poetic descriptions of the landscape, combining the physical and spiritual experience of space with the sensual perception of particular parts of the day.

The article tries to compare the prose of Heinz Piontek with the prose of Gabriele Wohmann. The reason is an essay of Piontek “Ernste Absicht”. Although it was dedicated to a novel of Wohmann, the author of the underlying article finds the tendencies suggested by Piontek also in the narratives of Whomann. In that context short stories of Piontek and Wohmann are compared with each other and studied.

The nobility novels play an important role in Karl von Holtei’s epics (1798– 1880) . These are multi-volume works that depict the daily lives of fictitious noble Silesian families, sometimes from multiple generations. In Holtei’s nobility novels the history of the second half of the Nineteenth century manifests itself, either on the background or on the foreground. Holtei is often criticized for idealizing the nobility and, known as a conservative author, for portraying the history of this social class in a way that does not match the social reality of that particular period of time. Even though this can be mostly confirmed, one should neither generalize between them nor ignore all distinctions. Haus Treustein (1866), Holtei’s final nobility novel, differs from his first nobility novel. In Haus Treustein the beginning of a new era manifests itself, which is affecting the Silesian nobility as well. In the novel we find, for example, an aristocrat who does not disapprove of his grandson marrying his forester’s daughter. There is also a strong focus on new social developments, such as social democracy. Other than this we read about how technological development, the railroad expansion in particular, is highly affecting the Silesian countryside. However, according to Holtei it is most of all the mésalliance that offers the nobility a way of fitting into the emerging modern world and a possibility to maintain their important role in the future. This is what differentiates Haus Traustein from Holtei’s previous nobility novels.

The author of the following article conducts imagological research in terms of the two chosen texts representing the Austrian travel literature: “Forget Egypt. A travel novel” by Barbara Frischmuth (published in 2008) and “Along the way. Travel notes and other records” by Ilse Tielsch (published in 2009). The analysis concerns three selected aspects described by the above-mentioned writers: the exotic Egyptian surroundings, the exoticism of the Egyptian women and the experience of foreignness that can be comprehended as an integral part of travelling. The authors concentrate on the crowded Cairo, the mysterious desert, the overwhelming strangeness, etc. Both Frischmuth and Tielsch illustrate a variety of different situations, views, experiences and attitudes that embody the image of the Egyptian reality. Moreover, the paper aims to identify the foreignness of Egypt in contradistinction to Frischmuth’s and Tielsch’ homeland. Finally, the article highlights the role of the travel literature within the framework of the Austrian literature.

In this paper, the authoress deals with the German compound nouns and their equivalents in Danish. As German language, offers – Danish language the possibility of combining of words, especially nouns, too. The German language has many categories of compound nouns. These compounds are made of two immediate constitentes, each consisting of one or more morphemes. The authoress attempts to compare the formation and use of compound nouns in German with Danish. In her opinion, the extralinguistic knowledge and the context also play an important role in the interpretation of compounds and have an influence on whether they are correctly understood. All the examples show that Danish mostly has the exact equivalents for the German compound nouns. The compound is particularly important because it is the most productive form of word formation and leads to the expansion of the vocabulary.

In an attempt to take a new look at the figure of Élie Bertrand (1713–1797) as an outstanding representative of the Swiss enlightenment and learned mediator of this era, the author of this article focuses on his relations with Poland, covering the years 1761–1772. The groundwork for his considerations will be Élie Bertrand’s activities related to the education and upbringing of the Mniszech brothers: Michał Jerzy Wandalin (1742–1806) and Józef Jan Tadeusz (? ‒1797), his activity expressed in transposing enlightenment ideas into the Polish ground, in attempting to reform Poland and in informing European public opinion about Polish matters. By showing the multidirectional activity of Élie Bertrand in relation to Poland, the author of this article uses the following sources: a small extract from the Versailles correspondence obtained so far [Bibliothèque Municipale de Versailles] (Recueil des lettres écrites par messieurs les comtes de Mniszech et par Monsieur Bertrand à Madame la comtesse de Mniszech [1761–1768]); the little known correspondence of Élie Bertrand with the Mniszech family from 1761–1770, included in the collection of the Library of the National Institute of Ossoliński in Wrocław, correspondence stored in other European archival and library resources, known and completely unknown projects of Elie Bertrand, concerning the reform of Polish agriculture, the founding of the Academy of Sciences and Applied Arts in Warsaw, as well as a publishing house and bank situated in the Vistula capital, and articles dedicated to Poland by the Helvetic scholar, published in the Yverdon Encyclopedia. Showing Élie Bertrand’s involvement in the discussion about the socio-political situation in which Poland found itself in the first years of the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski (1765–1766), and in the period preceding the Confederation of Bar (29 February 1768), the author of this article pays special attention to Élie Bertrand firm condemnation of religious intolerance and, at the same time, the deeply Calvinist favor of equal rights for dissidents. By presenting Élie Bertrand’s projects regarding the reform of the Commonwealth of Poland of that time, the author of the article highlights his physiocratic attitude and experience gained at the Berne Economic Society, which he wanted to transplant into the Polish ground. Discussing important and painful issues of anarchy and fanaticism for Poland’s internal situation at that time, the author of the article emphasizes, particularly, the legalistic position taken by Élie Bertrand concerning the above-mentioned issues, expressed in the proposed concept of freedom, understood as absolute submission to law, above all. It was also emphasized that Élie Bertrand’s involvement in Polish affairs was marked by deep sensitivity and concern, as evidenced by the preserved correspondence.

In this paper we analyse direct speech in two of the most important daily Italian newspapers: Corriere della Sera and Repubblica. We propose a typographical approach rather than a typological description of reported speech. We will firstly focus on typographical features of direct speech as described in Italian grammar books. Secondly, we will point out certain discrepancies between traditional grammar and journalistic practices.

In this manuscript I made the first attempt in Poland to sketch the social and psychological portrait of Hilda Deitch, a Jewish prisoner of the Sajmište camp in Belgrade. I define social portrait here as a description of physical features, types of family and professional activities and social interactions of a person. I created the social portrait of Hilda Deitch on the basis of photographs (a kind of memory carriers) stored in the collection of the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade, a few school documents and oral accounts of Hilda’s friends from the period of junior high school and college. Accounts submitted by Mirjana Petrović, Nada Novak, Olga Divac, Branka Milošević-Branković and Aleksandra Lebla provide knowledge about family relations, social contacts, educational successes, types of daily activities, interests and artistic talents of their classmate. I define psychological portrait as an attempt to show what is internalised in an individual. The description of an intrapsychic world is connected with the complexity of human nature. This refers primarily to the world of emotions, reasoning and associating, decision uncertainty, remorse, moral conflicts, power of faith or sense of spiritual void, finally – awareness and ability to create. The camp correspondence is the basic material for developing the psychological portrait of Hilda Deitch. The four manuscript disclose the conditions of spiritual and physical existence in a world restricted by barbed wire. In her letters, the author included valuable reflections on the manifestations of the inner life of individuals in the conditions of confinement, constant surveillance and forced labour under military and police supervision. The prisoner’s inner experience is dominated by the feelings of love, empathy and mercy towards her companions of distress. However, during the final phase of forced isolation which preceded death, positive emotions are replaced by extreme resignation and fear of imminent physical extermination. The social and spiritual portrait of Hilda Deitch was created using a conceptual apparatus involving photography, phenomenology, humanistic psychology, humanistic psychiatry and thanatology.

The political memory of the Berlin Republic has a slightly longer history than the Republic itself. 1988 marks the start of a – maybe not transnational but in any case transmural – commemorational project that prefigured the reunification of both Germany and Berlin and was soon to become one of the most crucial and widely debated projects of the new edition of the Bundesrepublik – the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. It not only engaged broad public attention before and after its erection in May 2005 but also triggered a large scale rhizomatic memorial complex in the heart of Berlin and, metaphorically speaking, in the heart of the German society. Drawing inspiration from the theoretical intersections of memory studies and metahistory the article aims at analysing the anatomy and agency of a political dispositif that spotlights the normative (i.e. moral, ideological) settings of the Berlin Republic

The article entitled „A borderland smuggling epic, Lover of the Great Bear by Sergiusz Piasecki, as perceived by two German »borderland« writers: Hans Lipinsky-Gottersdorf and Siegfried Lenz” discusses the problems of reception of Polish literature in German-speaking countries. It focuses on the reception of the inter-war novel Lover of the Great Bear, the author of which was forced to leave Poland after World War Two. Known in many countries, the novel depicting a circle of smugglers at the Polish-Soviet border aroused considerable interest when it was eventually printed in the German language in 1957. The novel by Sergiusz Piasecki was discussed by, among others, two writers of the Polish-German borderland. Hans Lipinsky-Gottersdorf, originally from Silesia, wrote a review for a radio programme; Siegfried Lenz, originally from Masuria, had his review printed in the press. Both of them paid a lot of attention to the issue of borderland; what won their acknowledgement was „the spirit of the East” of the novel as well as the faithful rendition of the exotic reality and the circle of smugglers.

The aim of the following article is to analyse the text of Das spanische Buch by Hermann Bahr. The text takes form of a diary in which the author describes experiences gained by him during his journey to Spain. However, it simultaneously serves as an outline of his never completed novel Der Einzige. The author of the following article depicts Das spanische Buch as a peculiar diary of impressions and sensations of the protagonist and in his constant quest for them she discerns the influence of Ernst Mach’s philosophy. Owing to Gothic art the protagonist is able to overcome the crisis brought on by continual stimulation of the senses and regain balance. The previous ‘Sensationnismus’ (life philosophy created by the protagonist based upon maximal concentration on impressions and sensations) is rejected in favor of a new life philosophy (‘spiritual Gothic’) based on listening to yourself and to your soul.

The aim of the article, devoted to the poetic work of Jarosław Markiewicz, is to bring the obsessively returning on the pages of his subsequent collections of weave of love, physiology and death, which is in somatic aspect. In particular, works from the early and middle period of the Warsaw author’s activity, identified at the beginning of the creative journey with the Orientacja Poetycka Hybrydy and with the lyrical search of the New Wave, after the events of march 1968 were analysed. The body, which is one of the overarching motifs in Markowicz’s poetry, becomes the object of desire (often animal), opening the way to the birth of a new life, and therefore-according to the vision of the author of the Stadionsłoneczny- at the same time to the inevitable impending death. In a hostile, saturated death and a destructive world enslaved by the power of Eros heroes, the vocation of the new unit appears as absurd and irrational.

The article is made to present disc Kamecki created in Projekt Topolinek works in 2010, containing musicalized Franciszek Kamecki’s poems – nowadays living priest poet from Bydgoszcz diocese. Disc contains songs from – except lyric Skarga księdza (appearing in volume’s title from 2002) – collection Tam gdzie pędraki, zielsko i cisza (Bydgoszcz 2008). From the nine lyrics in total, ten verbal and musical compositions were created. Two poems (Kreski and Pejzaż osobisty) became songs, the other poems are recitations with background music. Adaptive treatments were made to philosophical texts of Kamecki, deeply humanistic (e.g. Nie jestem gołębiem, Coś metaforycznego, Zaufaj, Wizja siedmiu gwiazd), theological (e.g. Patrząc z wnętrza, Pejzaż osobisty), also with personal accents (Pejzaż osobisty). The album publishers used a personal key during selecting poetic material. They have chosen – in their opinion – the most beautiful, the most valuable poems. They did not expose any song in album title, terefore, they did not confer primacy on any text. The poet’s name has become the header of the disc. The article is subordinated to the rules of philogical analysis, respected the primacy of the text over music. In description of musicalized Kamecki’s poems, above all, attention was paid to used adaptive procedures, these – as it turns out – were extremely discreet. By combining Kamecki’s lyrics with music, the creators basically did not interfere in poetic matter. Only in two cases: Sęk and Dotykamy kamienia publishers abbadoned original names; in two other (Pejzaż osobisty, Wizja siedmiu gwiazd), texts have been shorteded. What is important, publishers did not combine several poems. What is more, creators, that took Kamecki’s poems in possession, applied – not very often – repetitions taken to the extreme, less often, normal repetitions.

The article is about Jan Pacławski professor emeritus of Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce. Jan Pacławski is the historian of Polish Literature, the author of many books, among these on the works of Julian Stryjkowski and Wiesław Myśliwski. Special attention has been paid on Professor’s merits as a co-founder of Polish Philology in Kielce as well as on his achievements in education of some philologist generations.

Every generation draws from folklore exactly what it needs. As time goes by and a lot changes, the past does not vanish; there is always something that stays forever. The article aims to define chastushka, present its history, themes, names, types, “colors” and poetics. The introduction mentions selected names of renowned East-Slavic writers, folklorists, ethnographers, linguists, historians and collectors from different areas, investigating fairy tales, rites and folk songs, byliny and chastushki, proverbs, sayings, riddles and spells. The article ends with an extensive summary. The work is based on a source query followed by an analysis of Polish- and Russian-language materials.

The following study concentrates on the description of one of the national stereotypes, namely the stereotype of a German. The author has used the surveys which were conducted among German Philology students (first and second cycles studies) of the Pedagogical University of Cracow. The reference point were research results published in J. Bartmiński’s paper Jak zmienia się stereotyp Niemca w Polsce? Profile i ich historyczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania.

The Visible Learning research from 2008 of professor John Hattie is based on a synthesis of more than 800 meta-analyses relating to influences on educational interventions. This huge 15-year research project was aimed to discover what works in education. As nearly every intervention in schools can show some evidence of success, the question asked by John Hattie is not, what works, but what works best. The research of professor Hattie seeks also comparisons between different ways of teaching. The aim of this article is to present in the first part the basic results of the metanalysis and its criticism and also to discuss in the second part the implications of some of its findings for foreign language learning and teaching.

The article includes an analysis of promotional strategies used by the representatives of Portland city (Oregon, USA). I have described the phenomena observed in two pop culture tv shows ordered to promote chosen places of the region. I have discussed story solutions referring to the slogan keep Portland weird and in particular: nomenclatures used in the works. The research material was two series: „Portlandia” (2011–2018, IFC) and „Grimm” (2011–2017, NBC). The showrunners of both series created specific, counterfactual images of the city, presenting Portland as a strange place. I have noticed two procedural schemes: the producers of the first show made use of the city nomenclature, which was attributed fictitious associations and explanations; the originators of the other series made use mainly of the visual layer and of fictional, Germanic names (to call the beasts which appeared in the show). To describe the material I presented some ethnolinguistic and onomastic categories.

The author of this article reflects on the philosophical and legal formation of the concept of a „person”. She begins her reflection by showing the idea of a person in the ancient thought, paying special attention to terminological issues. Then, she reaches for the Christian tradition, which was not without significance for the formation of the concept of a „person”, especially Trinitarian and Christological disputes. The author recalls the views of classical philosophers related to the term persona: Protagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Stoics, Cicero, St. Augustine, and Boethius. Discussing the phenomenon of a person in the Middle Ages, she refers to the teaching of St. Thomas of Aquinas. As for the concept of a person in modern times, the author recalls the views developed in this matter by Descartes, Hobbes and Lock, found in the current of the philosophy of subject.

This article presents the most important opinions and theories regarding epilepsy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century until the outbreak of World War II. There are presented the most important definitions from medical and psychological books and magazines.Many attention was given to the psychological and psychiatric symptoms and social implications of epilepsy. The article is only an introduction to further considerations and research. It is a very interesting topic which is worth further analysis, also in psychological areas.

The article presents the profile of Edward Flatau (1868–1932), a neurologist, and a pioneer in this field of medicine in Poland. Flatau was born in Plock. After completing his studies at the Imperial Moscow University, as well as foreign internships in Berlin and Munich, he settled in Warsaw. His research focused on the diseases of the spinal cord, brain, meninges, and migraines. He is the author of the atlas of the human brain, which recorded images of the brain by means of photography, a ground-breaking method at the time. The law concerning the excentric position of the long spinal tracts was a major discovery in neurophysiology, and became known as Flatau’s Law, in his honor. Edward Flatau’s monograph on migraine headaches is still quoted in scientific literature. He was the author of numerous books, scientific dissertations, and other works popularizing medicine. Between 1904 and 1932 he worked in the Jewish Hospital – the most modern Warsaw hospital of the day, where he created one of Warsaw neurology schools. After World War II, his student and successor, Eufemiusz Herman, continued his work, developing the Łódź neurology school and study of headaches.

As of March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic somewhat forced higher education institutions to conduct classes in the form of distance learning. The present paper examines the concept of distance education, drawing on a few definitions from the research literature. The paper then discusses the experiences with distance learning of one of the teachers of the German Philology at the Pedagogical University of Krakow. What is more, the article presents the results of a questionnaire study conducted among German philology students that concerned their opinion on the advantages and drawbacks of distance education. The advantages enumerated by the students include, among others, having everyday contact with the foreign language, saving time (not having to commute) and saving money (on rent or bus/train tickets). The disadvantages, on the other hand, include, among others, the lack of contact with fellow students and health problems. The paper concludes with reflection on distance education